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<article dtd-version="3.0" article-type="Invited Methods Article - JoVE Produced Video">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">jove</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="email">editorial-office@jove.com</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Visualized Experiments</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1940-087X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JoVE56044</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">JoVE56044</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Article Type">
          <subject>Invited Methods Article - JoVE Produced Video</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Category">
          <subject>JoVE Behavior</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Classification">
          <subject>Neurologic Manifestations</subject>
          <subject>Neurobehavioral Manifestations</subject>
          <subject>Trauma, Nervous System</subject>
          <subject>Neurobehavioral Manifestations</subject>
          <subject>Trauma, Nervous System</subject>
          <subject>Behavior, Animal</subject>
          <subject>Behavioral Symptoms</subject>
          <subject>Neurobehavioral Manifestations</subject>
          <subject>Behavioral Research</subject>
          <subject>behavioral sciences</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats after Traumatic Brain Injury</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <role content-type="1" />
          <name>
            <surname>Hausser</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>nlhausse@utmb.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <role content-type="2" />
          <name>
            <surname>Johnson</surname>
            <given-names>Kathia</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>kajohnso@utmb.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <role content-type="3" />
          <name>
            <surname>Parsley</surname>
            <given-names>Margaret  A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>maparsle@utmb.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <role content-type="4" />
          <name>
            <surname>Guptarak</surname>
            <given-names>Jutatip</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>juguptat@utmb.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <role content-type="5" />
          <name>
            <surname>Spratt</surname>
            <given-names>Heidi  M</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>hespratt@utmb.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <role content-type="6" />
          <name>
            <surname>Sell</surname>
            <given-names>Stacy  L</given-names>
            <prefix>Dr.</prefix>
          </name>
          <degrees>Ph.D.</degrees>
          <email>slsell@utmb.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Kolski-Andreaco</surname>
            <given-names>Aaron</given-names>
          </name>
          <degrees>Ph.D.</degrees>
          <email>aaronk.andreaco@jove.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7" />
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution>University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston</institution>
          <institution content-type="dept">Anesthesiology</institution>
          <addr-line content-type="addrline1">301 University Blvd.</addr-line>
          <country>UNITED STATES</country>
          <addr-line content-type="city">Galveston</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="state">Texas</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="zipcode">77555-1102</addr-line>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution>University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston</institution>
          <institution content-type="dept">Anesthesiology</institution>
          <addr-line content-type="addrline1">301 University Blvd.</addr-line>
          <country>UNITED STATES</country>
          <addr-line content-type="city">Galveston</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="state">Texas</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="zipcode">77554-1102</addr-line>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <institution>University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston</institution>
          <institution content-type="dept">Anesthesiology</institution>
          <addr-line content-type="addrline1">301 University Blvd.</addr-line>
          <country>UNITED STATES</country>
          <addr-line content-type="city">Galveston</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="state">Texas</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="zipcode">77555-1102</addr-line>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <institution>University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston</institution>
          <institution content-type="dept">Anesthesiology</institution>
          <addr-line content-type="addrline1">301 University Blvd.</addr-line>
          <country>UNITED STATES</country>
          <addr-line content-type="city">Galveston</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="state">Texas</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="zipcode">77555-1102</addr-line>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <institution>University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston</institution>
          <institution content-type="dept">Preventative Medicine and Community Health</institution>
          <addr-line content-type="addrline1">301 University Blvd.</addr-line>
          <country>UNITED STATES</country>
          <addr-line content-type="city">Galveston</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="state">TX</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="zipcode">77555-1148</addr-line>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <institution>University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston</institution>
          <institution content-type="position">Assistant Professor</institution>
          <institution content-type="dept">Anesthesiology</institution>
          <addr-line content-type="addrline1">301 University Blvd</addr-line>
          <country>UNITED STATES</country>
          <addr-line content-type="city">Galveston</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="state">TX</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="zipcode">77555-1031</addr-line>
          <phone content-type="primary">1-409-747-0717</phone>
          <institution>University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <institution>JoVE</institution>
          <addr-line>1 Alewife Center</addr-line>
          <addr-line>Suite 200</addr-line>
          <addr-line>Cambridge, MA  02140</addr-line>
          <country>UNITED STATES</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract>
        <p>With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid-percussion-injury (FPI) or sham-injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (Neuroscore), the Beam-Balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after three months). Deficits were detected at three months in the Beam-Balance and at six months in the Neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Neurological score</kwd>
        <kwd>Beam-balance</kwd>
        <kwd>Beam-walk</kwd>
        <kwd>Working memory</kwd>
        <kwd>brain injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluid-percussion injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Morris water maze</kwd>
        <kwd>rat</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group />
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0" />
      </counts>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Please indicate whether this article will be standard or open access. </meta-name>
          <meta-value>Open Access (US$4,200);</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Please indicate the &lt;b&gt; full address&lt;/b&gt; at which this article will be &lt;b&gt;filmed&lt;/b&gt;.</meta-name>
          <meta-value>601 Harborside Dr., Galveston, TX  77555-1102</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>If the invoicing address and point of contact are different than the corresponding author and filming address, please note the differences below.</meta-name>
          <meta-value>Laurie Bolding
301 University Blvd.
Galveston, TX  77555-1102</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Is all of the written text in your manuscript original (neither plagiarized nor self-plagiarized)? If using previously published figures, are re-use permissions from the previous publishers obtained and cited in the figure legends?</meta-name>
          <meta-value>yes</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>If this article is currently under review by another publication, please explain where.</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Black and White Image Count</meta-name>
          <meta-value>0</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Color Image Count</meta-name>
          <meta-value>0</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Acquisitions Editor</meta-name>
          <meta-value>Rocco Palumbo</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Assistant who entered lead</meta-name>
          <meta-value>Anna Besschetnova</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure 1 - Water Maze Diagram.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure 2 - Neuroscore.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure 3 - Beam-Balance.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure 4 - Beam-walk.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure 5 - Water maze.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <table-wrap>
      <label>Table of Materials/Equipment</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="JoVEMaterials.xlsx" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </table-wrap>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure 2 Neuroscore Box plot.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure 3 Beam-Balance Box Plot.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure 4 Beam Walk box plot.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure 5 WM graphs line &amp; box plot.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
  </body>
</article>